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( ps is one of the interfaces mentioned at the beginning of this section.) You should also know that ps works not by polling memory, but through the interrogation of the Linux /proc or process file system. A most useful option is aux, which provides a friendly list of all the processes.
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As with any UNIX command, many options are available the proc man page has a full list.
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As you can see, however, the output includes the process ID, abbreviated as PID, along with other information, such as the name of the running program. Note that not all output from the display is shown here. You can get a quick list of your processes by using the ps command like this: $ ps The second number displayed ( 5918 in this example) represents the process ID. (See your shell's man pages for more information if you are not using bash.) A job number or job control is a shell-specific feature that allows a different form of process control, such as sending or suspending programs to the background and retrieving background jobs to the foreground. In this example, the xosview client has been launched in the background, and the ( bash) shell reported a shell job number ( in this case).
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This number is shown in the shell if the program is launched via the command line: $ xosview & Whenever an application or command is launched, either from the command line or by clicking on an icon, the process that comes from the kernel is assigned an identification number called a process ID, or PID for short. Processes can also be controlled at the command line, which is important because you might sometimes have only a command-line interface. The /proc file system is beyond the scope of this book but if you want to get a better idea of what it contains, head on over to for an excellent and in-depth guide. Developers tend to use the /proc file system as a way of getting information out from the kernel and for their programs to manipulate it into more human-readable formats. Through the /proc file system, you can directly communicate with the kernel to get a deep view of what is currently happening. Because Linux is closely related to UNIX, it also benefits from this command and enables you to quickly see the current running processes on the system as well as who owns them and how resource-hungry they are.Īlthough the Linux kernel has its own distinct architecture and memory management, it also benefits from enhanced use of the /proc file system, the virtual file system found on many UNIX flavors. Those familiar with UNIX system administration already know about the ps or process display command commonly found on most flavors of UNIX.
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Finally you will learn how to manipulate active system processes using a mixture of graphical and command-line tools. Some of the monitoring tools cover network connectivity, memory, and hard drive usage, but all should find a place in your sysadmin toolkit. In this chapter, we look at some of the basic monitoring tools, along with some tactics designed to keep your system up longer. Whether it is checking processes for any errant daemons, or keeping a close eye on CPU and memory usage, Ubuntu provides a wealth of utilities designed to give you as little or as much feedback as you want. Such monitoring is imperative in a corporate environment where uptime is vital and any system failures can cost real money. To keep your system in optimum shape, you need to be able to monitor it closely.